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cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 15:35:48 2019 If you want to stop police from disproportionately ticketing black communities, a recent study has one potential answer: Elect more black people to local government. The study, by political science researchers Michael Sances of the University of Memphis and Hye Young You of Vanderbilt University, had two major findings. Using data from more than 9,000 cities, the researchers first found that cities with larger black populations rely more on fines and court fees to raise revenue. The average collection was about $8 per person for all cities that get at least some revenue from fines and fees, but that rose to as much as $20 per person in the cities with the highest black populations. The findings persisted even after controlling for other factors, such as differences in crime rates and the size of cities. Then the researchers wanted to look at how much this disparity would be alleviated if at least one black person is on the city council. Using a smaller sample of about 3,700 cities due to data limitations, they found that having at least one black person on the city council reduced the relationship between race and fines by about 50 percent. “What a lot of cities do is rely on a source of revenue that falls disproportionately on their black residents,” Sances told me. “And when blacks gain representation on the city council, this relationship gets a lot better. The situation doesn’t become perfect, but it becomes alleviated to a great extent.” The study does not prove causation, and the researchers caution against drawing definitive conclusions from just one study. Although they tried to control for all sorts of variables that could explain the findings, it’s always possible that something else is going on that they missed. The researchers hope to address some of these limitations in future studies. Nonetheless, the study’s findings are corroborated by a lot of evidence we’ve seen over the past few years — particularly since Black Lives Matter protests rose up in Ferguson, Missouri, following the August 2014 police shooting of Michael Brown. Time and time again, we’ve seen that when cash-strapped cities need revenue, they use their police departments to ticket vulnerable populations, particularly racial minorities. The study adds to the existing evidence by offering a potential solution: electing more black representation to local governments. The researchers can’t definitively explain why this is the case. But one possibility is that black politicians are more receptive to black voters’ concerns, so they’ll often hear complaints about fines from their black constituents and tell the local police department to stop exploitative practices. One caveat, though, is that the researchers don’t expect even full black representation to completely solve this problem. “There’s a degree of influence there for sure,” Sances said. But “we don’t assume city councils have perfect control over the police.” The study gives more evidence to a long-existing concern The exploitation of black populations for local revenue is not new. This has often been a big concern in many cities with large black populations, including Ferguson. After Black Lives Matter protests in Ferguson, the US Department of Justice released a report validating many of these concerns. The March 2015 report found that city officials worked together at every level of enforcement — from city management to the local prosecutor to the police department — to make as much money from fines and court fees as possible, ranging from schemes to raise total fines for municipal code violations to asking cops to write as many citations as possible. Law enforcement appeared to deliberately target black residents: Although black people made up about 67 percent of Ferguson's population, about 85 percent of the people stopped and about 90 percent of the people who received a citation were black. So what explains this? One possibility is that police are simply targeting the people who are most vulnerable and less likely to have any political clout. Some cops have admitted to this. “When you put any type of numbers on a police officer to perform, we are going to go to the most vulnerable,” Adhyl Polanco, a New York City police officer, told WNBC last year. “We’re going to [the] LGBT community, we’re going to the black community, we’re going to go to those people that have no boat, that have no power.” Indeed, Sances named this as one of the possible explanations for his study’s findings. “These city officials are taking advantage of a population that’s basically voiceless,” he told me. This would also explain why local black representation seems to offer a bulwark against the problem: By electing a black council member who’s more likely to listen to black voters’ concerns, black populations see their political clout — and ability to complain about potential police exploitation — grow. These kinds of issues lead to more distrust in the law, which can lead to more crime The practices exposed by the study are not only unfair but also may make it more difficult for police to do their chief job: fight crime. The idea, known as “legal cynicism,” is simple: The government is going to have a much harder time enforcing the law when large segments of the population don’t trust it or its laws. This is a major explanation for why predominantly minority communities tend to have more crime than other communities: After centuries of neglect and abuse, black and brown Americans are simply much less likely to turn to police for help — and that may lead a small but significant segment of these communities to resort to its own means, including violence, to solve interpersonal conflicts. There’s research to back this up. A 2016 study, from sociologists Matthew Desmond of Harvard, Andrew Papachristos of Yale, and David Kirk of Oxford, looked at 911 calls in Milwaukee after incidents of police brutality hit the news. They found that after the 2004 police beating of Frank Jude, 17 percent (22,200) fewer 911 calls were made in the following year compared with the number of calls that would have been made had the Jude beating never happened. More than half of the effect came from fewer calls in black neighborhoods. And the effect persisted for more than a year, even after the officers involved in the beating were punished. Researchers found similar impacts on local 911 calls after other high-profile incidents of police violence. But crime still happened in these neighborhoods. As 911 calls dropped, researchers also found a rise in homicides. They note that “the spring and summer that followed Jude’s story were the deadliest in the seven years observed in our study.” That suggests that people were simply dealing with crime themselves. And although the researchers couldn’t definitively prove it, that might mean civilians took to their own — sometimes violent — means to protect themselves when they couldn’t trust police to stop crime and violence. “An important implication of this finding is that publicized cases of police violence not only threaten the legitimacy and reputation of law enforcement,” the researchers write, but “they also — by driving down 911 calls — thwart the suppression of law breaking, obstruct the application of justice, and ultimately make cities as a whole, and the black community in particular, less safe.” The fiscal exploitation of black communities could have the same effect. When you’re pulled over as many as dozens of times for petty offenses, you’re going to be much less likely to trust the police are working to keep you safe — and much less likely to call on them when you need help. And that could ultimately make it much harder for police to do their jobs. VOX MEDIA https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/7/7/15929196/police-fines-study-racism?fbclid=IwAR0uWp-pfLt1BhOSvfoeQ-Vus6m8ajlmOOAg7HVLWDyIM8kQN9ZT-ubmnZ4 |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Dave on Sun Sep 22 16:11:25 2019, in response to cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 15:35:48 2019. Plus, neighborhoods with large minority populations may have lower property values, so their towns raise revenues through tickets and fines. |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by LuchAAA on Sun Sep 22 16:17:01 2019, in response to cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 15:35:48 2019. Cops as revenue collectors. |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 16:29:56 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Dave on Sun Sep 22 16:11:25 2019. NO THEY ARE HIGHERWRONG AGAIN AND WHITE GOVERNMENTS PREY ON THE BLACK |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 16:31:18 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by LuchAAA on Sun Sep 22 16:17:01 2019. IAWTP |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Dave on Sun Sep 22 16:48:26 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 16:29:56 2019. Minority neighbors have higher property values?LOL ROFL! Proff or shens. |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 19:16:52 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Dave on Sun Sep 22 16:48:26 2019. NO FOOL IDIOT !!THEY ARE CHARGED HIGHER THAN MOST CAN AFFORD !! SO THEY CAN BE DRIVEN OUT HARASSED ETC GOES ON ALL ACROSS AMERI-KKK-A !! PROOF PROFF |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Dave on Sun Sep 22 20:49:48 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 19:16:52 2019. What is the property tax rate in Pasadena compared with Beverly Hills?Pasdaena: About 1.2% of the property's value. BH: About 1.1% of the property's value. Malibu is also 1.1%, so the rates are about the same. If people in minority neighborhoods can't afford the real estate taxes then they should petition their local representatives to lower the tax rate. |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Train Dude on Sun Sep 22 20:54:10 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Dave on Sun Sep 22 20:49:48 2019. "If people in minority neighborhoods can't afford the real estate taxes then they should petition their local representatives to lower the tax rate."Or they should move to Beverly Hills where the tax rate is lower :) |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 21:02:42 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Dave on Sun Sep 22 20:49:48 2019. DID YOU SURVEY NORTHWEST PASADENA !!OR JUST THE HIGH RENT AREAS ONLY ? NO ONCE AGAIN YOU ARE CLUELESS ?? TYPICAL OF YOU FOX TRUMPANZEE IDIOT |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 21:03:04 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Train Dude on Sun Sep 22 20:54:10 2019. NOT IN NORTHWEST PASADENA MISSED BY HIM |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Dave on Sun Sep 22 23:13:57 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 21:03:04 2019. NOPE.LOL ROFL |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Dave on Sun Sep 22 23:16:10 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 21:02:42 2019. Are you confusing sales tax rates with property tax rates? Seems like it. |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 23:21:10 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Dave on Sun Sep 22 23:16:10 2019. THIS CITY LIKE OTHERS NEGLECTS ITS POOREST AND DOES NOTHING FOR USNORTHWEST TERRITORY !!!! |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 23:21:57 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Dave on Sun Sep 22 23:13:57 2019. YEPLOL ROFL |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Dave on Mon Sep 23 06:21:08 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 23:21:10 2019. So move if you don't like it there. |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Orange Blossom Special on Mon Sep 23 09:32:17 2019, in response to cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 15:35:48 2019. "If you want to stop police from disproportionately ticketing black communities, a recent study has one potential answer: Elect more black people to local government. " We'd have to expand local government to get it higher than the 95-100% they are now. Then again, I haven't been to the North in years. |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 10:49:17 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Orange Blossom Special on Mon Sep 23 09:32:17 2019. What does the race of local politicians have to do with infractions being committed in the streets? |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Orange Blossom Special on Mon Sep 23 11:08:38 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 10:49:17 2019. Well, given that one of the Dem Candidates is talking forced abortions now, I guess we won't have to worry about the answer. |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 12:58:05 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Orange Blossom Special on Mon Sep 23 11:08:38 2019. ITS REPUBLICAN ALL WHITE COURTS AND LAW ENFORCEMENTWITH ALL BLACK COMMUNITIES THE VICTIM TARGETS |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 13:05:26 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 10:49:17 2019. ALL WHITE COURTS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ALL BLACK RESIDENTS |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 13:10:21 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Orange Blossom Special on Mon Sep 23 09:32:17 2019. SOMETIMES THAT DOES NOT WORK EITHERESPECAILY IF THEY ARE UNCLE TOM TYPES |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 13:14:17 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Dave on Mon Sep 23 06:21:08 2019. MOVE TO WHERE JOBS PAY LESS AND NO UNIONS ??ESPECIALLY IN THE SOUTH NO WAY IN HELL STFU GO TO HELL AND DIE TRUMPANZEE FOX |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 14:15:18 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 12:58:05 2019. In WHAT world is this? I've worked with L.E. and the Justice System for the last couple of decades, and yet, strangely I've yet to see that. |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 14:21:01 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 13:05:26 2019. So, if the residents are all black, WHO is going to magically get the summonses? Answer, black people! Because they live there! |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 14:22:37 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 13:10:21 2019. I'm confused. What exactly IS an Uncle Tom type? |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Orange Blossom Special on Mon Sep 23 14:28:08 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 14:15:18 2019. I've yet to find a white republican city controlling a black city. The city council is black. The sheriff is. The cops. The judges are (including one crazy who thought he could abolish the death penalty unilaterally), and on and on.I heard Philadelphia has a white mayor now. But really, that's rare and only due to the unions. |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 14:31:18 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 14:15:18 2019. I TOLD THE TRUTH !!THIS GOES ON IN MISSOURI AND MANY OTHER STATES FACT |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 14:31:27 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Orange Blossom Special on Mon Sep 23 14:28:08 2019. I TOLD THE TRUTH !!THIS GOES ON IN MISSOURI AND MANY OTHER STATES FACT |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 14:32:34 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 14:22:37 2019. YOU DONT KNOW ??LOL |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Dave on Mon Sep 23 15:06:16 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 13:14:17 2019. Since you don't work any more why does it matter what the jobs pay? |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Dave on Mon Sep 23 15:07:22 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 14:31:27 2019. You wouldn't know the truth if it bit you on the ass! |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 15:35:18 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Dave on Mon Sep 23 15:06:16 2019. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT MY EMPLOYMENT HISTORY ??NOTHING FOOL IDIOT DUNCE |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 15:36:02 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Dave on Mon Sep 23 15:07:22 2019. YOU DONT KNOW A GOD DAMMED THING AT ALL TRUMPANZEEEFOX NOTHING AT ALL |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 15:42:06 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 14:31:18 2019. What goes on exactly? This is how the criminal justice system works |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 16:53:39 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 14:32:34 2019. No, I don't. |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 17:03:20 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 16:53:39 2019. AMAZING !! |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 17:10:32 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 15:42:06 2019. YOU MEAN INJUSTICE SYSTEMS AGAINST BLACK PEOPLE |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 17:15:54 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 17:03:20 2019. Well, are you gonna tell me? |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Fisk Ave Jim on Mon Sep 23 17:18:32 2019, in response to cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Sun Sep 22 15:35:48 2019. I'll give you a glaring example of local police, townships, juristictions etc. of preying on mostly whites. Come out to Long Island in the summertime, especially on the east end twin forks area. Its practically a police state out there. Cops are all around writing folks up for the least little thing. Cops walking up & down streets checking stickers, how far you are parked from the curb, patrolling beaches at night to make sure any beach fires are contained in metal tubs & making sure that the wood they burn is firewood sold by local stores at inflated prices (no pallets etc). One more thing, make sure you have a 2 gallon jug of water nearby. Cinderella rules apply here too, everything out by midnight.Any infraction of these, the fines start at $50. Thats not even counting the DWI's or fines for yakkin away or texting on your phone. All these fines (factored into their budgets) mean big bucks for the townships, police & counties Point being: whites take $$$ hits too. |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 17:46:55 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Fisk Ave Jim on Mon Sep 23 17:18:32 2019. IAWTP |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 17:47:41 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 17:15:54 2019. WHAT YOU WANT TO KNOW ? |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 18:04:30 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 17:47:41 2019. I asked what exactly IS an Uncle Tom type? |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 18:13:53 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 18:04:30 2019. USELESS NEGROESSELLOUTS |
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Posted by ChicagoMotorman on Mon Sep 23 18:27:25 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 18:13:53 2019. No, they are people who think for themselves. |
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Posted by BILLBKLYN on Mon Sep 23 19:13:22 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 18:13:53 2019. But if they are politicians and are voted in by their constituents, how are they sellouts? |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Dave on Mon Sep 23 19:17:28 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 17:10:32 2019. LOLROFL |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by Dave on Mon Sep 23 19:21:16 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 15:35:18 2019. You've posted before your employment history, Fool. You've also posted that you're no longer working. So why does it matter where you live? |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 20:12:02 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by ChicagoMotorman on Mon Sep 23 18:27:25 2019. AT OUR EXPENSE THEY ALWAYS SPEAK FOR WHITE FOLKS ONLYAND SELL US OUT ALL THE TIME THEY THINK ABOUT HOW TO DESTROY US TO PROMOTE ONLY THIER INDIVIDUAL SELF |
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Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents |
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Posted by https://salaamallah.com/ on Mon Sep 23 20:16:32 2019, in response to Re: cities rely more on fines for revenue if they have more black residents, posted by Dave on Mon Sep 23 19:21:16 2019. WELL IN PLACES LIKE MISOURI THATS WHAT THEY DO THERESUCK OFF THE POOR BLACK PEOPLE YOU ENJOY AND SUPPORT THIS ALSO |
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