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Posted by monorail on Thu Aug 16 17:25:50 2007, in response to Re: Larry Line Jacked Up...., posted by South Brooklyn Railway on Thu Aug 16 17:13:03 2007. Ivan PavlovFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Pavlov (disambiguation). This article needs additional references or sources for verification. Please help to improve this article by adding reliable references. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. This article has been tagged since June 2007. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov ???? ???????? ?????? Nobel Prize portrait, 1904 Born September 14, 1849 Ryazan, Russia Died February 27, 1936 (aged 86) Leningrad, Soviet Union Residence Russian Empire Soviet Union Nationality Russian Soviet Field Physiologist, psychologist, physician Institutions Military Medical Academy Alma mater Saint Petersburg University Known for Classical conditioning Transmarginal inhibition Behavior modification Notable prizes Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Religion Russian Orthodox Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Russian: ???? ???????? ??????) (September 14, 1849 – February 27, 1936) was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system. Pavlov is widely known for first describing the phenomenon now known as classical conditioning in his experiments with dogs. Contents [hide] 1 Life and research 2 Reflex system research 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 References 6 External links [edit]Life and research Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia. He began his higher education as a student at the Ryazan Ecclesiastical Seminary, but then dropped out and enrolled in the University of St. Petersburg to study the natural sciences. He received his doctorate in 1879. One of Pavlov’s dogs with a surgically implanted cannula to measure salivation, Pavlov Museum, 2005 In the 1890s, Pavlov was investigating the gastric function of dogs by externalizing a salivary gland so he could collect, measure, and analyze the saliva many had in response to food under different conditions. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food coated with chili powder was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it. He decided that this was more interesting than the chemistry of saliva, and changed the focus of his research, carrying out a long series of experiments in which he manipulated the stimuli occurring before the presentation of food. He thereby established the basic laws for the establishment and extinction of what he called "conditional reflexes" — i.e., reflex responses, like salivation, that only occurred conditionally upon specific previous experiences of the animal. These experiments were carried out in the 1890s and 1900s, and were known to western scientists through translations of individual accounts, but first became fully available in English in a book published in 1927. Pavlov was a dexterous operator who was compulsive about his working hours and habits. He would sit down to lunch at exactly 12 o'clock, he would go to bed at exactly the same time each evening and he would always leave Leningrad for Estonia on vacation on the same day each year. This behavior changed when his son Victor died in the White Army — after which he suffered from insomnia. Unlike many pre-revolutionary scientists, Pavlov was highly regarded by the Soviet government, and he was able to continue his researches until he reached a considerable age. Moreover, he was praised by Lenin and as a Nobel laureate he was seen as a valuable political asset.[1][2] |
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